O câncer de endométrio pode ter como origem o epitélio (considerado carcinoma), o mesênquima (sarcoma) ou, com menor frequência, o estroma do endométrio. Essa patologia possui uma maior incidência em países desenvolvidos, ocupando o segundo lugar entre as neoplasias do trato genital inferior nesses locais. Sua ocorrência é maior entre 60 e 70 anos, mas, até 5% dos casos, pode ocorrer em mulheres antes dos 40 anos.
Sabe-se que o câncer de endométrio possui uma primeira disseminação no miométrio, o que possui uma relação direta com a probabilidade de propagação para outros locais. Os linfonodos são mais acometidos, dependendo da indiferenciação tumoral e da própria infiltração miometrial. Quando o tumor é restrito ao endométrio, a chance de invasão é de 0 a 4%. Quanto maior a extensão do tumor para órgãos adjacentes, maior também é a probabilidade de invasão linfática, pois a drenagem linfática a partir do útero segue os pequenos linfáticos ao longo do redondo, que drenam para os inguinofemorais. Além desses, há os ramos linfáticos da tuba uterina, grandes linfáticos do infundíbulo pélvico que culminam nos para-aórticos e alguns linfonodos, que drenam, diretamente dos pélvicos, via ligamento largo, para os para-aórticos.
Assim, a disseminação linfática dessa neoplasia segue ao longo das cadeias pélvicas e para-aórticas. Além dessa disseminação, pode haver contaminação peritoneal quando há infiltração tumoral até a serosa ou mesmo pelo lúmen das tubas.
Diante disso, o papel terapêutico da linfadenectomia pélvica e para-aórtica é constantemente discutido, pois o status linfonodal pode identificar pacientes que irão necessitar de adjuvância após o tratamento cirúrgico. Associado a isso, a linfadenectomia aumenta o tempo cirúrgico, é mais mórbida, com taxa de linfedema de membros inferiores de até 50%. Por isso, o National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) se posicionou de maneira mais flexível em relação à indicação da linfadenectomia em pacientes que possuam baixo risco de invasão linfonodal. Esses casos são os que possuem tumores endometrioides G1 ou G2, restritos ao endométrio ou com invasão miometrial abaixo de 50% e tamanho menor que 2 cm.
Já em pacientes que na imagem possa ter sugestão de invasão linfonodal, doença linfonodal pélvica grosseira nos linfonodos pélvicos, metástases em anexos, tumores G3 ou não endometrioides e com invasão miometrial acima de 50% indica-se a linfadenectomia para-aórtica.
Uma alternativa das novas diretrizes é a avaliação do linfonodo sentinela para estadiamento do câncer de endometrial nas doenças que são restritas ao útero. Faz-se, através dessa técnica, o uso de azul de metileno, azul patente ou azul de isossulfano com injeção no colo uterino às 3 e às 9h. A injeção deve penetrar superficialmente (de 1 a 3 mm) e outra mais profunda (de 1 a 2 cm). Há também a opção da indocianina verde, que parece ser mais eficaz que os outros corantes. O mapeamento linfático deve ser realizado bilateralmente, sobretudo na face medial dos vasos ilíacos externos. Caso não seja observado linfonodo corado ou não o encontre, recomenda-se a realização de linfadenectomia apenas nessa hemipelve. Isso reduz a morbidade e o tempo operatório.
O tratamento primário das pacientes com câncer de endométrio envolve a histerectomia total associada à salpingo-ooforectomia bilateral e cirurgia de estadiamento, podendo ser realizada tanto por laparotomia, laparoscopia ou robótica. A lavagem peritoneal não é obrigatória no estadiamento, mas a presença de células tumorais nesse lavado está associada a um prognóstico pior.
REFERÊNCIAS:
BEREK, Jonathan et al. FIGO staging of endometrial cancer: 2023. International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics, v. 162, n. 2, 2023, p. 383-394. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1002/ijgo.14923. Acesso em: 30 out. 2023.
MATSUO, Koji et al. Prognosis of women with apparent stage I endometrial cancer who had supracervical hysterectomy. Gynecologic Oncology, v. 145, n. 1, 2017, p. 41-49. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ygyno.2017.02.004. Acesso em: 30 out. 2023.
PANICI, Pierluigi Benedetti et al. Systematic pelvic lymphadenectomy vs. no lymphadenectomy in early-stage endometrial carcinoma: randomized clinical trial. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, v. 100, n. 23, 2008, p. 1707–1716. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/djn397. Acesso em: 30 out. 2023.
PASSOS, Eduardo et al. (org.) Rotinas em Ginecologia. 8. ed. Porto Alegre: Artmed, 2023.
ROSSI, Emma et al. A comparison of sentinel lymph node biopsy to lymphadenectomy for endometrial cancer staging (FIRES trial): a multicentre, prospective, cohort study. The Lancet Oncology, v. 18, n. 3, 2017, p. 384-392. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/s1470-2045(17)30068-2. Acesso em: 30 out. 2023.
SEAGLE, Brandon-Luke et al. Prognosis and treatment of positive peritoneal cytology in early endometrial cancer: matched cohort analyses from the National Cancer Database. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, v. 218, n. 3, 2018, p. 329.e1.-329.e15. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2017.11.601. Acesso em: 30 out. 2023.
pin-up casino giris: pin-up 306 – pin-up 306
pin up https://azerbaijancuisine.com/# pin-up oyunu
pin up azerbaijan
mexican online pharmacies prescription drugs: buying prescription drugs in mexico online – mexican pharmacy
http://northern-doctors.org/# best online pharmacies in mexico
п»їbest mexican online pharmacies [url=http://northern-doctors.org/#]mexican mail order pharmacies[/url] buying prescription drugs in mexico
buying prescription drugs in mexico online: pharmacies in mexico that ship to usa – reputable mexican pharmacies online
https://northern-doctors.org/# mexican online pharmacies prescription drugs
mexican online pharmacies prescription drugs: mexican northern doctors – mexico drug stores pharmacies
https://northern-doctors.org/# best online pharmacies in mexico
mexico drug stores pharmacies [url=https://northern-doctors.org/#]mexican northern doctors[/url] reputable mexican pharmacies online
mexico pharmacies prescription drugs: northern doctors – pharmacies in mexico that ship to usa
https://northern-doctors.org/# medicine in mexico pharmacies
best online pharmacies in mexico: northern doctors – mexican mail order pharmacies
buying prescription drugs in mexico: northern doctors – best online pharmacies in mexico
https://northern-doctors.org/# buying prescription drugs in mexico
mexican border pharmacies shipping to usa: mexican northern doctors – mexican border pharmacies shipping to usa
buying from online mexican pharmacy [url=http://northern-doctors.org/#]northern doctors pharmacy[/url] purple pharmacy mexico price list
http://northern-doctors.org/# buying prescription drugs in mexico
buying prescription drugs in mexico online: mexican pharmacy northern doctors – mexican border pharmacies shipping to usa
mexico drug stores pharmacies: mexican pharmacy online – pharmacies in mexico that ship to usa
http://northern-doctors.org/# mexican pharmacy
п»їbest mexican online pharmacies: Mexico pharmacy that ship to usa – mexican border pharmacies shipping to usa
https://northern-doctors.org/# reputable mexican pharmacies online
mexican online pharmacies prescription drugs: mexican pharmacy – mexico drug stores pharmacies
mexican rx online: mexican border pharmacies shipping to usa – mexican pharmacy
mexican mail order pharmacies [url=https://northern-doctors.org/#]mexican northern doctors[/url] mexico drug stores pharmacies
https://northern-doctors.org/# mexico pharmacy
buying prescription drugs in mexico online: mexican pharmacy – buying prescription drugs in mexico online
https://northern-doctors.org/# п»їbest mexican online pharmacies
mexican drugstore online: pharmacies in mexico that ship to usa – buying prescription drugs in mexico online
reputable mexican pharmacies online [url=http://northern-doctors.org/#]mexican pharmacy northern doctors[/url] pharmacies in mexico that ship to usa
purple pharmacy mexico price list: mexican northern doctors – mexico drug stores pharmacies
https://northern-doctors.org/# purple pharmacy mexico price list
pharmacies in mexico that ship to usa: Mexico pharmacy that ship to usa – purple pharmacy mexico price list
https://northern-doctors.org/# pharmacies in mexico that ship to usa
mexican pharmaceuticals online: mexican pharmacy northern doctors – mexican mail order pharmacies
mexican pharmaceuticals online: northern doctors – mexican rx online
https://northern-doctors.org/# buying from online mexican pharmacy
buying prescription drugs in mexico online: mexican northern doctors – purple pharmacy mexico price list
http://northern-doctors.org/# pharmacies in mexico that ship to usa
pharmacies in mexico that ship to usa [url=https://northern-doctors.org/#]northern doctors pharmacy[/url] mexico pharmacies prescription drugs
mexico drug stores pharmacies: Mexico pharmacy that ship to usa – mexican drugstore online
mexico drug stores pharmacies: mexican mail order pharmacies – mexico drug stores pharmacies
http://northern-doctors.org/# mexican pharmaceuticals online
buying from online mexican pharmacy: mexican mail order pharmacies – buying prescription drugs in mexico
medicine in mexico pharmacies: mexican pharmacy online – medication from mexico pharmacy
https://northern-doctors.org/# buying prescription drugs in mexico online
mexican border pharmacies shipping to usa: mexican pharmacy online – buying prescription drugs in mexico online
https://northern-doctors.org/# п»їbest mexican online pharmacies
mexican online pharmacies prescription drugs: mexican pharmacy – buying prescription drugs in mexico
buying prescription drugs in mexico [url=https://northern-doctors.org/#]mexican northern doctors[/url] mexican online pharmacies prescription drugs
mexican mail order pharmacies: mexican pharmacy online – mexican rx online
https://northern-doctors.org/# buying from online mexican pharmacy
mexican border pharmacies shipping to usa: Mexico pharmacy that ship to usa – mexican drugstore online
http://northern-doctors.org/# medication from mexico pharmacy
pharmacies in mexico that ship to usa: northern doctors – mexican mail order pharmacies
mexico drug stores pharmacies: Mexico pharmacy that ship to usa – buying prescription drugs in mexico online
https://northern-doctors.org/# mexican pharmacy
mexico drug stores pharmacies: northern doctors – mexico pharmacy
buying from online mexican pharmacy [url=https://northern-doctors.org/#]mexican pharmacy northern doctors[/url] п»їbest mexican online pharmacies
mexican pharmaceuticals online: Mexico pharmacy that ship to usa – buying from online mexican pharmacy
http://northern-doctors.org/# п»їbest mexican online pharmacies
mexican online pharmacies prescription drugs: mexican pharmacy online – best online pharmacies in mexico
https://northern-doctors.org/# mexican border pharmacies shipping to usa
pharmacies in mexico that ship to usa: mexican pharmacy northern doctors – п»їbest mexican online pharmacies
https://cmqpharma.online/# purple pharmacy mexico price list
mexican mail order pharmacies
medicine in mexico pharmacies [url=http://cmqpharma.com/#]mexican online pharmacy[/url] mexico pharmacies prescription drugs
best online pharmacies in mexico [url=https://cmqpharma.com/#]mexican online pharmacy[/url] mexican rx online
mexican pharmacy [url=https://cmqpharma.online/#]mexican pharmacy[/url] mexico drug stores pharmacies
reputable mexican pharmacies online
https://cmqpharma.online/# reputable mexican pharmacies online
п»їbest mexican online pharmacies
mexico pharmacy [url=https://cmqpharma.com/#]mexican online pharmacy[/url] reputable mexican pharmacies online
buying from online mexican pharmacy [url=https://cmqpharma.online/#]mexico pharmacy[/url] mexican online pharmacies prescription drugs
mexican rx online: mexican pharmacy – best online pharmacies in mexico
mexican pharmacy [url=http://cmqpharma.com/#]cmq pharma[/url] mexican border pharmacies shipping to usa
mexican border pharmacies shipping to usa [url=https://cmqpharma.online/#]mexican pharmacy online[/url] mexico pharmacy
mexican drugstore online [url=https://cmqpharma.online/#]mexican pharmacy online[/url] buying from online mexican pharmacy
http://cmqpharma.com/# mexican online pharmacies prescription drugs
mexican drugstore online
medication from mexico pharmacy [url=https://cmqpharma.com/#]cmq pharma mexican pharmacy[/url] mexico pharmacy